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Much of the image consists of blank areas now with little or no radar reaction. The "courtyard" wall is still showing highly, nevertheless, and there are continuing suggestions of a difficult surface in the SE corner. Time piece from 23 to 25ns. This last slice is now practically all blank, but a few of the walls are still showing strongly.

How deep are these slices? The software application I have access to makes estimating the depth a little tricky. If, nevertheless, the top 3 slices represent the ploughsoil, which is most likely about 30cm think, I would think that each slice has to do with 10cm and we are only coming down about 80cm in overall.

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Luckily for us, the majority of the websites we are interested in lie just below the plough zone, so it'll do! How does this compare to the other approaches? Contrast of the Earth Resistance data (top left), the magnetometry (bottom left), the 1517ns time piece (top right) and the 1921ns time piece (bottom left).

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Magnetometry, as talked about above, is a passive technique determining regional variations in magnetism versus a localised zero value. Magnetic susceptibility survey is an active technique: it is a measure of how magnetic a sample of sediment could be in the existence of a magnetic field. How much soil is evaluated depends upon the diameter of the test coil: it can be extremely small or it can be reasonably big.

The sensing unit in this case is very small and samples a small sample of soil. The Bartington magnetic susceptibility meter with a big "field coil" in use at Verulamium throughout the course in 2013. Top soil will be magnetically improved compared to subsoils simply due to natural oxidation and reduction.

By measuring magnetic susceptibility at a fairly coarse scale, we can find locations of human occupation and middens. We do not have access to a trusted mag sus meter, but Jarrod Burks (who helped teach at the course in 2013) has some exceptional examples. Among which is the Wildcat website in Ohio.

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These towns are typically laid out around a main open area or plaza, such as this rebuilt example at Sunwatch, Dayton, Ohio. The magnetic susceptibility survey helped, however, specify the main area of occupation and midden which surrounded the more open area.

Jarrod Burks' magnetic vulnerability study results from the Wildcat website, Ohio. Red is high, blue is low. The technique is therefore of excellent usage in specifying areas of general occupation rather than recognizing particular features.

Geophysical surveying is a used branch of geophysics, which uses seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electro-magnetic physical approaches at the Earth's surface area to measure the physical residential or commercial properties of the subsurface - Geophysical Survey in Menora WA 2022. Geophysical surveying methods typically measure these geophysical properties along with abnormalities in order to examine various subsurface conditions such as the existence of groundwater, bedrock, minerals, oil and gas, geothermal resources, voids and cavities, and far more.